Ideas integration of Europe at the turn of history. 
idea of \u200b\u200bEuropean integration goes far beyond the twentieth century, and its name is derived from characters from Greek mythology. Researchers of the ancient legends of the world, Europe is associated with an innocent Phoenician princess who was seduced by Zeus, with a gust of wind, which tore the minds of ancient sailors and was a symbol of civilization, the Mediterranean basin.
Western Europe, according to the interpretation of a contemporary, was the first time united politically, economically and culturally under the Roman Empire, created by Julius Caesar in the years 1959-1948 BC
With the collapse of the 476 years of Western Roman Empire was thought to Europe on the back was united. In the literature on ideas and concepts of international integration ¬ mic he can find a statement that the genesis of the creation of the European Communities should be traced back to the distant times, as much in the tradition of the early state of Charlemagne. He was a spokesman for the practical unity of the Christian world, based on the concept of cultural and religious unity, implies ¬ antycznogreckiego exceeding different from the social order. Some, however, the au ¬ tors reach back even further, saying that the current discussions on international integration have their genesis in the ongoing for many centuries the source of disputes ¬ dłach written on ways to prevent wars.
seeking ways of ensuring internal security and external were taking place in the ancient Greeks suggested that such structures should be created - ¬ moiety present integration, which bring down the borders between its members, ¬ ture and social conflicts, including in particular the conduct of armed conflicts on the border would be ¬ without question. The additional, follow ¬ simultaneously present smaller areas for integrating countries would create a mechanism organi ¬ incomparably stronger in relation to the external environment organisms than the individual Member States.
early development of European ideas, which appeared in the early Middle Ages, were associated with a desire to create a European federation like the Pax Romana. The literature generally points to the Thales of Miletus as a person to advise the creation of women Jończykom ¬ YOUR union. The compounds of religious city-states were called arnfiktionia ¬ mi. ¬ AVAILABILITY of belonging to such associations are not in any way infringe the independence of the federal city-states.
In the Middle Ages to the doctrine of the universal values \u200b\u200bof integration brought the international Catholic Church teaching on the equality of all people and the need to open up to other people. According to the Christian Science Church Jánska ¬, international integration is the best solution for society ¬ societies and countries, not only in Europe but around the world. In this context, some historians suggest St. Augustine, who in his work "Cjvjtas Dej '(trans. Pol.:" O God's country ") introduced the concept of creating a utopian for all ¬ all peoples of the world one of the great empire of peace. The St. That you ¬ Aquinas and the creator of theological ¬ no-philosophical called Thomism, in his work "Summa theologjae" argued that wars are forbidden by God, and peace can be ensured only by the social system - a hierarchical structure headed by the monarch subordinate to the pope. In the Middle Ages developed lasting unifying processes. One of the consequences of Christianization of Europe was quick to cover one common civilization. In the early phases of the Middle Ages, formed a community defined as res Christian publications, including all European countries.
with different views of land preaching on this issue, Dante Alighieri, who in his work "De Monar" spoke clearly for the separation of secular from ecclesiastical authority. This resulted in the death of Dante Alighieri, burning and condemnation by the Church of his work. Dante also slipped - as utopian as the idea of \u200b\u200bSt. Augustine - the offer of a combination of all countries into one ruled by the ce ¬ Sara, a monarchy of the world, like the Pax Romana of the Roman monarchy with the time Octavian ¬ owls.
Between 1300-1800 we see the Italian Renaissance in the South of Europe and "Autumn of the Middle Ages" in the north of the continent. During this period there was a separation between ecclesiastical and secular authority, which has contributed to reviving the spirit of ancient Greek philosophy and Roman law and the Reformation (freeing the Protestant countries of North-West from the influence of the Catholic Church).
idea to create some form of a European confederation, which was to be led by "the wise and trustworthy", was already foretold in the early fourteenth century by one of the great French lawyer Pierre Dubois `a. A report published in the fourteenth century, a work entitled "De Terrae Sanctae Recuperation "Dubois proposed the establishment of a European federation. They had to create it and the princes of Europe as a counterweight to the authority of the pope. King Philip IV the Fair, however, manifested no interest in these proposals, therefore they were not feasible. The Federation was conceived as a structure whose components make up the different nation states. In this way, there would be a state. Should undertake on behalf of its most important part for their policies - foreign, defense, economic. Countries deciding to enter the federation would have to waive part of its sovereignty and jurisdictional powers to supranational bodies, pursuing the interests of the federation as a whole. The Federation would fulfill the objectives of the transnational, which could not reach a separate state.
In modern times, was brought into the discussion the question of nationality, and the issue of national sovereignty as the foundation ¬ tional international integration, designed to guarantee its durability and effectiveness. At that time, two centuries before the implementation of similar ideas in North America - rise to the concept of the United States Europe.
In the modern era deserve attention different ideas of unification, among which was the earliest ¬ certain conception of George of Podebrady, who presented the proposal to establish a relation of Christian rulers of Europe (excluding the emperor and the pope), a de ¬ territory appearing with the principles of peace. Historians consider this concept as the best designed and most realistic. In the years 1462 - 1464 King of Bohemia, George of Podebrady therefore put forward a project to create European countries, under which compulsory arbitration would be established with to settle disputes arising between the unions. It took into consideration the primacy of the principle of nationality, departing strongly from the earlier idea of \u200b\u200bwomen ¬ YOUR world and medieval universalistic tendencies.
The universalistic vision of the Middle Ages, established in its concept ¬ tion of peace and unity of the Christian world, Erasmus of Rotterdam. Provided it is compatible with the Christian life on May round of a human (which was not universally accepted) as well as emphasizing the moral character of Christianity, was in the church he saw the great community ¬ on the ability to live in peace and love. Suggested arbitration as a means of resolving conflicts con ¬.
the concept of a "United States of Europe, there was Henry IV de Bourbon, but rather the creator of this concept, the prince Maximilien Sully, who in the Grand Plan (Grand Dessm) postulated, among others. division of Europe into 15 independent countries and the creation of the General Council of the European Union Amfiktiońskiego like in ancient Greece. Pro ¬ next year and he also organize religious matters (equating Christian denominations.) According to the historians of the Great Plan is considered to be well washed Slany and realistic, and of its ideas of tolerance, the balance of power in Europe, and international arbitration have lasting value and belong to the modern mind ¬ tural policy. The next idea of \u200b\u200bthe unification of Europe began to pull out successively in the seventeenth century, William Penn, the Quaker born in England, and the priest, Abbe de Saint-Pierre `s, the thinker of the Enlightenment era (eighteenth century).
One of the greatest philosophers in history in the work of Immanuel Kant, "Zum ewjgen Frjeden. Philosoplllscher trillion Entwurf "returned to the U.S. concept of Eu ¬ oil, but not as a monarchy, but the federation of republican free nations. After ¬ stulował abolition of standing armies and the principles of non-intervention in the affairs of sovereign ¬ to inside European countries. He promoted the idea of \u200b\u200b"regulated ¬ wanego reason, moral rigor and selfless good will as a factor ki ¬ able to create a fair system of public law, which may zagwaran ¬ tować peaceful coexistence among societies.
In the late eighteenth century, views similar to their predecessors preached Jeremy Bentham. As developed in the years 1786-1789 plan "universal and eternal peace" also opted for the establishment of parliament as representatives of the federated states, but the proposal to his head not to the rulers, but the civilized nations.
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte of France during their authenti ¬ prison on the island of St. Helen claimed that the main objective was to merge its operations develop ¬ battered nations, to achieve consistency of the Code of laws, rules, opinion, ¬ glądów and interests. In particular, sought to invoke the great European family, and create something along the lines of the U.S. Congress or the union of Greek amfiktionii. In pursuing this idea, he saw a great future Euro ¬ py, and believed that the impetus given by the directional push nations to seek balance in the Confederation of the great nations of Europe with one master at the helm.
advocator of the concept of the United States of Europe, which was to be the reason federal ¬ nations, was also Claude Henri de Saint-Simon. In its conception, expounded in his work "De la reorgamsatjon socjete Europeenne de la" (1814 year), the reporting authority over the nation ¬ tained would have a parliamentary government, which recognizes the supremacy of the European Parlia ¬ ment, cares about the respect for the rights of nations and social groups. Eu ¬ ropean idea also appeared in the writings of other utopian socialists like Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as in studies of some liberal economists ¬ ists of this period.
Connected with the ideology of the "Young Europe, prominent intellectuals, writers and poets and political activists were also advocates of a federal structure of Europe. Its reconstruction in the United States of Europe on the model of the federation of American spiritual leaders have urged the French Revolution of 1830 and Lu ¬ dow Spring of 1848. For such concepts advocated by Victor Marie Hugo (1802 ¬ -1885) - French poet, playwright, novelist and politician, Giuseppe Mazzi ¬ ni (1805-1872) - creator of "Young Italy" (1831r.) and "Young Europe" (1834r.), and Jules Michelet (1798-1874) - French historian. The French socialist ¬ permanent representative of the liberal direction of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon formulated the concept of so-called. Universal federalism, "the conference of the Confederation of Skilled ¬" - a loosely confederated municipalities, which are part of a wider federation ¬ conference. This was the first socialist concept of European integration.
Polish authors in the reunification of Europe, saw an opportunity for countries and nations of the saved ¬ independence (among other things. For Polish). And so, Stanislaus Lawrence Sta ¬ ¬ szic in conjunction with a combination of the Slavs in the Russian Empire he saw as the possibility of organizing themselves in Europe and a permanent peace. Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski called for the establishment of the European League, in which the guarantors of the independence of countries and facilities would be two superpowers (the first version had to be: Russia and the United Kingdom, in the later version - France and Great Britain, ¬ present). Józef Maria Hoene-Wronski believed the federal constitution as the highest six ¬ stage of development of society, provided for the creation of so ¬ tion federalist countries, which aimed at "forming a single community commonly ¬ tion." Wojciech Bogumil Jastrzębowski believe ¬ regrets that mankind should look for a guarantee of peace in a wise, fair and equitable for all law. National laws that protect life, liberty, and pro ¬ cal property of each member nation has a parliament, while the European rights protected ¬ NIACE being, independence and ownership of every nation had a European Congress. Jastrzębowski develop ¬ He worked the first draft Constitution for Europe, preceded by the statement in Livy Pax date has leges (room is given the rights.)
Most of the authors of the nineteenth-century unification was convinced that in the twentieth century vision of a united Europe, it will be real. "In the twentieth century, there will be a great nation. [...] It will be illustrious, rich, strong, peaceful and cordial set against the rest of humanity. [...] It will be called Europe "- wrote in 1867, Victor Hugo. Most
formulated in modern times the concept of unification was of the view that the principle of sovereignty of the ruler or the state. The retreat from this principle in the direction of supranational federalist vision dates from the late nineteenth century. At the same time many of these ideas began to imprint their mark nationalism. Already
from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, especially during and after World War I grew up in Germany associated with the mainstream ideology of romance in them ¬ mieckiej social and political thought, referring to the golden age of over ¬ COMPONENTS Germany - to the days of the Holy Roman Empire German ¬ it. This trend was reflected in the concept Mtteleuropy, treated as a "space of the German destiny."
need for expansion of the German economic area and connect ¬ ing various national economies into one also postulated Friedrich List. He showed a close the relationship between enlargement of economic space and economic development, formulated the idea of \u200b\u200bsix, including the idea of \u200b\u200ba great central hub area (intended to be Sculptures ¬ First German-Hungarian). These ideas were later premise for the doctrine of a lot ¬ kiego area which included the following came. Area of \u200b\u200bgreat economic issues also dealt with Constantin Frantz. Both of the above-mentioned authors mate ¬ pounding more rational arguments than their predecessors, the first one since pointed out the close relationship between the extension of economic space and economic development, the second one came up with constructive ¬ ered a favorable proposal to create a confederation of states of central Europe.
The Prince Felix Schwarzenberg, and Count Karl Ludwig von Bruck their concepts inte ¬ gration of the Monarchy of Austria with the German Reich and the establishment of a customs union argued in risk pattern of Europe from the U.S. and Russia. According to the plan of the two poly ¬ ists, Habsburg monarchy was to connect the countries of the Association of German were taking place in the central European customs union, with a central hub in Vienna. This relationship would be a magnet capable of integration in the future to attract neighboring countries .
Theme threat in Europe pushed the Count Leo de Caprivi. This author believed that the European powers wishing to maintain their global position must be closely linked together rather than destroy each other in battles ¬ not economic.
Problem threat from rapidly developing economies of the world also exhibited an Austrian industrialist, lawyer and journalist Alexander Peeze. This threat was the result of intensifying international competition and the increase in protectionism. An indication of this was an ad in the U.S. in 1890, the new tariff called the McKinley Tariff, which is a barrier to exports to the U.S.. The increase in tariff rates hit badly in the industry FOR IN ¬ German, English and Austrian. Also
Friedrich Ratzel formulated the concept and theory of world state ¬ raumu Lebens. His reasoning was the concept Mtteleuropy future political alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. But the most developed con ¬ select the best Afltteleuropy gave Friedrich Naumann. Its core were to be Germany related to the new systems and devices "from Austria-Hungary, in the future to further eu ¬ pean countries. In Afltteleuropie had to master the German economic order. After ¬ formed similarly as in 1871, the German Customs Union (Deutscher Zollverejn) served as a means to political unification of Germany and they had to create Mtteleuropa economic rationale for the creation of one state does not allow ¬ mieckiego and occupation by the Germans is not a worthy place among the great powers of the world.
analogous to the concept of Mitteleuropa pedigree is Grossraumwktschaft (large area of \u200b\u200bthe economy), except that it is more economical charac ¬ ter. Its representative, German professor of Finance and Economics August Sartorius von Waltershausen (1852-1938). demanded the liquidation of ¬ nations will separate errors and countries with universal pacifism and a common language. The author called for the creation of a free economic area, the ground is a big advantage over a small area, and such an argument ¬ I like: the idea of \u200b\u200brationalization of production and reduce costs, economic stability and prosperity, a stronger position in relation to the external environment. August Sartorius von Waltershausen also compiled form of public law in the magnified area exceeding ¬ following order: ordinary commercial agreement on customs, free trade between partners and joint agreements with third countries; time customs union, the introduction of to previous forms of representation of members and dy ¬ principles of majority voting, the state union, unified state. Assessment of the contribution of A. Sartorius von Waltershausen the doctrine GrossraumMrt ¬ schaft is positive, and his original contribution is as follows: it has introduced the thesis of positive impact on the production of racial alliance ¬ tiveness, highlighted the link between the rationalization of production and the magnitude of the economic territory, began research on the benefits and losses associated with accession ¬ granted before the customs union.
only Polish author who contributed to the development of the German doctrine ¬ ny Grossraumwiltschaft, Roger Battaglia. As the only one he brought the doctrine of the conditions of economic and political situation of the Polish lands and brought her into the world of German political and economic thought under the sign of pol ¬ ment of the Supreme National Committee. He felt that sense of connectedness between nations and countries will increase, resulting in what will occur once a ¬ larger blocks of countries. In the final stage of the creation of a block covering the entire globe, which will ensure peace and prosperity of mankind.
also a leading Social Democratic politician Karl Renner called for a global compound states. Proposed by Renner had a great area to have a form of economic relationship, or even abolishing lowering customs duties between Member countries skimi ¬ - provided a unification between the monetary system, communication, etc. On the outside, this area also should not close the high tariff barrier. The larger size would be such an area, the more he drew near ¬ by ideal world economy to slow trade policy.
Professor of Economics and policies of the Hungarian Elemer Hantos (1881-1942) described the efficiency of wa ¬ ditions of the magnified area, writing that it should: a geopolitical unity, characterized by a high ¬ ki techniques and production, have the appropriate resource forces hidden in the earth, have their own primary energy sources: water, coal and oil, have a favorable location, characterized by a high purchasing power of the population ; have a common ideology.
very interesting and inspiring, thoroughly justified because in theory, the German concept of the late nineteenth and twentieth century differed from the previously dominant thinking in the European integration assumption a kind of protective structures for unification. Although this goal and they still prevailed, it has already begun to disclose their expansionist trend.
general assessment of the German concepts of European integration can be identified in two of its strands. The nationalist trend, which turned into the 30s of the twentieth century in Nazi ¬ stowską theory and practice. The second trend, valuable and rational, they draw ¬ your need for regional integration with the changes taking place in the global economy, brought to the theory of international integration of large, important and still ak ¬ tualny achievements in the field types, forms and stages integration.
nineteenth and early concepts were plans to create a federal union of states in Europe, and formulated them in the most individual thinkers, or were one of the points program with other key organizations for action.
Between the twentieth century among the major promoters of a united Europe, an important place was occupied by Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. In his veins flowed the blood of representatives of many nations, especially if what predysponowało him to devote himself to the integration of the continent. In the literature
Richard Nicolaus Coudenhove-featured Kalergi It is extremely interesting as a character because of their origin, inspiration, intellectual, and road density ¬ life. The need for integration of Europe rerouted from two different, threatening its existence, the dangers of internal and external. As the most dangerous threat ¬ interior felt nationalism in Europe. The main external threat and the Russian imperialism and totalitarianism, and the destructive competition of the U.S. economy. He believed that Europe is due to internal quarreling nationalism will not be able to resist the dangers outside. Therefore, in its doctrine emphasized the need for Europeans ¬ formation without any nationalism, open to the world and its problems. Of key importance for the development of the discussion about integration in Europe were the ideas of the Austrian aristocrat, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. Their assumptions pan-European movement for the first time he switched in 1920 and subsequently developed in the booklet Fri "Pan-Europe" published in 1923. Traffic Assumptions
Richard Coudenhove pan-Kalergi presented in 1920 at a meeting of Masaryk (1850-1937) and published in 1923 book, "Pan-Europe" was presented, then drop down to the end of life, ideology, etc. ¬ united Europe and the conditions for its implementation. Announced the appointment of all coun ¬ tries of the European movement and organization called Pan-European Union. The first Congress of the Union, held in Vienna in 1926. A network of national branches of the Union quickly spread to other European countries (France, Germany, Czechosłowa ¬ tion, Poland, Great Britain), which results in the late 20th century the initiator and the solution was ca ¬ determined the Pan-European Movement as a moral power. According Coudenhove-Kalergi, United States of Europe were to be ca ¬ residue political, economic, and their internal diversity had to be ordered into a more general trend ¬, leading to the emergence of a universal one European nation, a culture of Christian-hellenistycz ¬ tion. In 1943, the Fifth Congress of Pan-European Union, he presented a new plan to establish a fe ¬ federation of European states, and established the Legal Committee undertook to develop the future of the Constitution of the United States of Europe. They had to have its own army, and economic matters all lie within the competence of the EU eco ¬ nomic. Merit Coudenhove-Kalergi in the work of the unification of Europe are enormous. In addition to the contribution of the European acquis in the field of international integration of doctrine, he has inspired many prominent intellectuals and politicians of Europe, which ¬ s after World War II came to the practical implementation of his vision of a united Europe - to create in its area of \u200b\u200bmacro-regional integration ocher ¬ dure. Pan-European movement Coudenhove-Kalergi that stand out from the past that took the institutional form. This is reflected in the establishment in 1926 of the Pan-European Union national offices in each Member of the continent. In Poland, the Organising Committee, established in 1927, presided Alexander Lednicki.
prominent French politician Aristide Briand spoke multi ¬ fold for the pan-European traffic. At the meeting of the League of Nations in Ma ¬ drycie in 1929 gave a general outline plan for the establishment of the United Nations United ¬ Europe, where the pillars were to be France, Germany and the UK ¬ present. Unlike Coudenhove-Kalergi, Briand did not exhibited the Soviet threat in Europe, but he wanted to counteract the pressure of U.S. capital in Europe. The concept of Briand was positively evaluated in Germany, where it was thought to be the continuation of the ideas of the Austrian politician Richard Coudenhove-Kalergiegi. And France did not know evil ¬ full understanding and support. She also did not support the diplomacy of the Soviet ¬ ka. Also in the UK are not accepted the idea of \u200b\u200bcloser Franco-German cooperation.
In 1930, France sent the governments of 27 countries Memorial Briand, ¬ relate to your creation of the United States of Europe. Evaluation of the Memorial was one ¬ however generally skeptical and often negative, which probably affected the global economic crisis. The Polish authorities considered that the expression ¬ Memorial for the principle of solidarity rather than to establish the rights and duties of members of the planned United States of Europe. In the opinion of Polish politicians, Brian ¬ proposals can not guarantee the security of European states and why they opted for the li ¬ the support of counter-Memorial raised by the representative of Great Britain. It was recognized also that further work on the unification of Europe should be carried ¬ generously in the framework and the League of Nations. Been established for this purpose the Commission for the Study of the European Union, whose task was to analyze the constitutional issues, or ¬ ganizacyjnych and methodological. Effects of the work of this Commission, however, were dissatisfied ¬ cluttering and Briand's death resulted in the collapse of his ideas. As
collapse of the plans, Briand, Germany preparing to create a federation of Central European countries under its domination and leadership. It seemed to them that action will be establishing a customs union by ak ¬ ceptowane Balkan countries. But both France and many other European governments have recognized this as a violation of peace treaties. Italy also went to the camp of anti-German. In place of the union of the Austrian-German co ¬ proposed economic trójporozumienie Italy, Hungary and Au ¬ Republic of Austria, held by the Germans as a utopian project.
One of the first politicians who have attempted to develop plans for economic develop ¬ ment of the region (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania ¬ present, Hungary) was Andre Francois Poncet, who believed that the condition for economic recovery in the region is intense ¬ syfikacja grain exports. This plan developed another well known French politician André Tardieu (1876-1945). The first step in the development of cooperation between the state ¬ of this group I was supposed to be an economic agreement, based on the principle of preferential tariffs. This plan assumed independence of the countries in the region from Germany. The issue of healing
endangered economic disaster countries: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania ¬ nia, Hungary was not only an internal issue. The state of their economies were also interested in the State debt, especially Britain and France. ¬ develop further plans for development, and thus improve their situation. Finally, in 1933, at the initiative of Edward Benes (1884-1948), signed a pact to set up the Little Entente of Commerce, including Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. In turn, the 1934 pact was implemented Rome ¬ ski, competitive integration project in Central Europe under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (1883-1945), establishing a system preferences in trade between Italy, Hungary and Austria. These two projects, however, were ineffective and failed to protect against infiltration of the German capital and ideology ¬ kiej in the Danube Basin. Under the influence of Germany moved up ¬ formed in 1934 in the Balkan Entente, focusing Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey.
In the twentieth century the German variant of Western civilization has given its ugly head twice - first during the First World War, when Germany sought to dominate the territory known as Mtteleuropa, notably Austria, and the defeat of France and Russia, and then during the World War II when the German spirit has been enriched with an "Aryan" racism, nationalism, urban, pagan mythology and antibolshevism.
World Wars of the twentieth century were a manifestation of the conflict between the central (combined alliances with Bulgaria and Turkey) and the West and Russia. State Coalition were diverse in their cultural, political and economic. The only thing these countries was connected to "common enemy", instead of building a Europe of functioning for the benefit of all the nations of the Community.
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European Union - was established on Nov. 1, 1993 under the Treaty of Maastricht. Economic and political union of democratic European countries (twenty-seven from January 1, 2007.), Which is the result of long process of political integration, economic and social initiated after the Second World War. It is a unique form of this kind in the world having a 30% share of world GDP. 
